Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms in Dementia (BPSD)
Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) refer to non-cognitive disturbances such as aggression, agitation, depression, anxiety, hallucinations, and sleep disorders that commonly occur in individuals with dementia.
- Types of BPSD: Apathy, aggression, agitation, psychosis, sleep disturbances.
- Causes and Risk Factors: Neurobiological, environmental, and psychological factors.
- Assessment Tools: NPI (Neuropsychiatric Inventory), BEHAVE-AD, CMAI.
- Non-Pharmacological Management: Music therapy, aromatherapy, structured activities, caregiver education.
- Pharmacological Interventions: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, cholinesterase inhibitors.
- Caregiver Support and Training.
- Policy & Ethical Issues in Long-Term Care.